Improving Postsecondary Entrance Exams - 1913 Words

Introduction A shocking and disturbing trend that the public has always noted in standardized tests is that minority examinees tend to score lower on standardized tests than their White, male counterparts. This has caused academic scholars to research this topic more to figure out what is preventing minority examinees from doing as well as their White, wealthy and/or, male counterparts and, thus, not having access to some of the same opportunities. These standardized tests consistently put these students at a clear disadvantage and this is counter to the nation’s overall goal to improve diversity in all aspects of life. This essay will discuss specific factors that put minorities at a disadvantage when it comes to standardized tests and†¦show more content†¦As I mentioned earlier, techniques such as these are pretty sophisticated so they are good at detecting biases but they are not so good at explaining the source of these biases. When test developers cannot explain why a particular bias is present that item stays on the test since DIFs are unbiased, in theory, and anything else would require the test developers to use their judgment regarding the item in question. Unfortunately, Arbuthnot’s analysis of DIFs concluded by stating, â€Å"Their basis for the argument is that DIF items can favor both Black and White test takers. Ultimately, they claim that the differences equal out or negate the other.† If this claim were true, we should not see certain groups of people consistently scoring lower than other groups. Jay Rosner, the executive director of the Educational Testing Service (ETS) did an analysis of questionnaires and found that the majority of questions were biased especially in favor of whites, males, and wealthier students. He compared males to females and Whites to Latinos, as well as White to Black. What he found sheds light on the entrance test development process and could also explain why we do not see items biased in different groups favor actually cancel each other out and why we continue to see score gaps between some groups. Monica Rizzo analyzedShow MoreRelatedThe United States Deteriorating Education System Essay1125 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent approaches to secondary and postsecondary schooling. Finland, for example, requires a grueling matriculation exam in order to pass high school, composed of one native language test and three other tests chosen by t he test taker, in a broad range of subjects such as physics, philosophy, history, foreign languages and mathematics exams of varying difficulty (Finland). Results from the matriculation exams determine the students prospects for postsecondary education, which is free for FinnishRead More A, B, C...Not As Easy As 1, 2, 3: Are College-Bound Students Prepared?2056 Words   |  9 Pagesimportant events; the warning of the absence of a national, rigorous college preparatory curriculum in the publishing of A Nation at Risk in 1983, the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) in 2001, and the misalignment between college entrance exams and high school exit policies. One of the root causes of the decline in college retention rates is the inexistence of a demanding and preparatory curriculum. The call for a consistent standard of a high school curriculum was issued as early asRead MoreEducational System in Nigeria2857 Words   |  12 PagesMost universities  use a semester system of 18 - 20  weeks.  Others run from January to December, divided into 3 terms of 10 -12 weeks.   Annually, an average of 1.5 million students take the Unified Tertiary and Matriculation Examination (UTME) for entrance into Nigerian universities, polytechnics and colleges of education. Universities have the capacity to absorb less than 40 percent of these test takers. The other 60 percent tend to go to their second and third choice categories of institutions—polytechnicsRead MoreEnglish As A Medium Of Instruction Worldwide1836 Words   |  8 PagesEnglish. According to 2014 data acquired from the Ministry of Education of the Peoples Republic of China, there was a 5.77% increase in the number of international students attending higher education in the country however, this high demand for postsecondary education meant that China cannot keep pace with the demand and resulted in the country collaborating with other international university branches. By this process alone, Asian countries are encouraging transnational education ‘which itself necessitatesRead MoreMotivat ors That Do Not Motivate: The Case of Chinese EFL Learners and the Influence of Culture on Motivation8163 Words   |  33 Pagessuccess in the exams reflected positively not on individuals, but on families and clans. Families used their resources to prepare children for the exams, who were expected to show interest and enthusiasm in mastering classics and ancient texts (the topics of the exams), all the while being reminded that they â€Å"should work hard in school in order one day to glorify the clan† (Leung, 1994, p. 390). Thus, the Confucian relationship was upheld in such a way that studying for the exams was part andRead MoreEducation in South Africa12740 Words   |  51 Pagesschools. A recent national initiative has been the creation of FOCUS schools. These specialise in specific curriculum areas (Business Commerce, Engineering, Arts Culture) and are very similar to the UK specialist schools programme. For university entrance, a Matriculation Endorsement is required, although some universities do set their own additional academic requirements. South Africa has a vibrant higher education sector, with more than a million students enrolled in the country’s universities

Difference between the Physical, Emotional, Social, and Mental States of a Man and a Woman - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 838 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Gender Roles Essay Did you like this example? A male is seen as dominant, strong, aggressive, and impulsive. The person in the relationship that does all the hard work and makes the important decisions. A woman is seen as submissive, weak, passive, and motherly. The stay-at-home partner to careen her children and support her husband lovingly, no questions asked. Women in our society are disparaged, underestimated, and questioned more than the male sexual orientation. A lady today has less access to fundamental and advanced education, they have more safety and health risks, and less political portrayal. It is a fact that women in our society have less access to higher-level education than men do. In the article, Girls Education, it is an observation that in third world countries, the girls in the family are usually required for household chores, water hauling, and tending to children (The World Bank). These everyday chores limit the ability and time for schooling. It is the mans job in the household to have the paying job, hold the political power, and be the domineering voice. This also gives the male many opportunities to physically, and even violently, control their spouse at times. It is also said in the same article by The World Bank that poor families that cannot afford schooling prices for every child will prioritize education for their sons (Girls Education). This is important because it shows families that are considered poor would assure education for their male children only. However, there have been recent studies that say an educated female will be more likely to put of f marriage, have less children, pay for any school preparation costs themselves, have healthier kids, and more likely to initiate in political processes than a man is (The World Bank). Being more educated would allow women to raise astute children and advise the husband more in everyday choices and decisions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Difference between the Physical, Emotional, Social, and Mental States of a Man and a Woman" essay for you Create order In addition to less education, women also have more health and safety risks than a man in modern times. As reported by Rhitu Chatterjee in her article from the National Public Radio, more than 81 percent of women in the workplace have been victims of sexual harassment, 51% of that including being touched without consent. More than 66% of these women that admitted to the harassment also admitted that they were hassled in public areas (Chatterjee, Rhitu, NPR). Male harassment in the workplace stands at 34%, and only 17% from unwanted touching (Chatterjee, Rhitu, NPR). These numbers pale in comparison to that of females, considering that at least four out of five women will be harassed sexually at least once in their career. Sexual harassment is unacceptable and despicable for anyone to go through. It unsettles the workplaces safety, trust, and reliability of the entire team. Similarly, accompanying the safety risks of a workplace, women also suffer from gender bias when it comes to their health and medicinal equality. An article written by Vera Regitz-Zagrosek on the US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, claims that gender medicine must consider the needs of both sexes. She points out that medicine cannot be a one-size fits all practice, but a gender-specific healthcare. This is essential because men and women are different in their physical and mental being. They will report symptoms differently, react differently, and must even be treated with drugs differently (Regitz-Zagrosek, Vera). Biological aspects in the female and male body include differences such as reproductive function, concentrations of sexual hormones, the expression of genes on X and Y chromosomes and their effects and the higher percentage of body fat in women (Regitz-Zagrosek, Vera). This will alter how certain parts of a gender-specific body will need to be ta ken care of and diagnosed as opposed to having one listed response. Lastly, women are insufficiently represented when it comes to their ability to have political portrayal and power. Women are limited to their acceptance in executive positions, and even if they are allowed executive power, they stick women with civil discussions that stereotype women including water, infrastructure, sanitation, roads, education and health (Political Empowerment. Harvard University). Even though women have the right to partake in politics in ways a man does, such as voting and running for office, the actual number of women parliamentarians is only 21% worldwide (Harvard University). Women make up at least 51% of the population, and only own 1% of the worlds wealth (The World Bank). Thus, leaving men with 79%, 49%, and 99% respectively. Even if an education is attained, and a woman secures a high paying job, it will be 20% lower than mens, says the World Bank, in their article Girls Education. Meaning, that men are paid more in all careers, not in one specific area. I f there were more female political representation, girls would be more likely to speak out against assault, participate in politics, and even involve themselves in education more rather than house work (Harvard University). There would be more cooperation from females in needed areas like politics. This could retain the support of half the country and unite everyone as a team instead of having a power struggle of men vs. women.

Marketing and Supply Chain Management - 22997 Words

ch1 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. Google, Facebook and YouTube are all innovative, and each company has succeeded because it provided value to its customers. True 2. Marketing is an activity that only large firms with specialized departments can use. True 3. False The group of firms that makes and delivers a given set of goods and services is known as a supply chain. True 9. False The goals of marketing promotion are youth, style, and sex appeal. True 8. False Thoughts, opinions, and philosophies fit the concepts of neither goods nor services, and they cannot really be marketed. True 7. False The four Ps include persistence,†¦show more content†¦E. design new product offerings for other market segments. 22. Which of the following is a core aspect of marketing? A. Satisfying the firm s wants and needs B. Creating universal coverage C. Instilling self-sufficiency D. Making product, place, promotion, and price decisions E. Working with the creative people in ad agencies 23. Which of the following is NOT one of the key questions which must be asked when making marketing decisions? A. How is the product to be designed? B. How much should the product cost? C. Where should the product be promoted? D. How will the product be delivered to the customer? E. Whose responsibility is it to ensure customer service representatives handle returned merchandise properly? 24. Fiona has developed a new software application that automatically reconfigures accounting information based on the standards used in each country. Her product is superior to anything that exists on the market. Which of the following decisions is NOT one of the key marketing decisions she will have to make? A. How the software will be promoted? B. What price to charge? C. What distribution channels to use? D. Where to introduce the software? E. How many software products typically fail? 25. Marketing traditionally has been divided into a set of four interrelated decisions known as the marketing mix, or four Ps, including all of the following EXCEPT: A. product. B. place. C. performance.Show MoreRelatedGlobal Marketing And Supply Chain Management Essay938 Words   |  4 Pages†¢ Global Marketing and Supply Chain Management CH18 †¢ Global Supply Chain Strategies. o Implement Efficiency/Cost Strategy. Focus on the low-cost labor, offshore development and manufacturing. †¢ Preferable strategy in the early stage offsetting operations in Cambodia. †¢ Probing the market. o After establishing on the Cambodian market implement Flexibility strategy. †¢ Being a worldwide recognizable brand, the flexibility strategy is the must for the company. †¢ Develop products that are availableRead MoreMarketing: Supply Chain Management and Zara2184 Words   |  9 Pagestoll-free-number channel. In 1995, Progressive moved into the future by becoming the first major insurer in the world to launch a Web site. In 1997, customers could buy auto insurance policies online in real time. COMPANY 1. Apply the concept of the supply chain to Progressive. 2. Using the model of consumer and business channels found in the chapter, sketch out as many channels for Progressive as you can. How does each of these channels meet distinct customer needs? 3. Discuss the various waysRead MoreMarketing Procedure And Supply Chain Management System Essay1168 Words   |  5 Pagesbusiness idea in which he is keen to endow. I asked him to share the thoughts with me in detail. Then he explained, what he wanted to do, how to implement the thinking, approximate cost, budget, tentative loss-profit calculation, marketing procedure and supply chain management system etc. I found out that the proposal is new in Bangladesh and may be feasible if he can run it properly. Then I asked him to prepare a pitch deck for it. He replied, how about the pitch and how to do it. I informed that whatRead MoreThe Effect of E-Commerence on Supply Chain Management and Marketing in the Fashion Industry3136 Words   |  13 Pages‘Electronic commerce and the Internet are fundamentally changing the nature of supply chains, and redefining how consumers learn about, select, purchase, and use products and services’ (Sreenivas, 2007) According to Barnes and Lea-Greenwood (2006) and Berger (n.d), mass-communication has allowed consumers greater access to information and consequently the performance gap between companies can no longer be hidden. With the introduction of e-commerce, how consumers behave and what they demandRead MoreCulture Mistakes by Pizza Hut1311 Words   |  6 Pages2010. Donovan  , R. Michael (2005).  Effective Supply Chain Management (Movahedi et al., 2009, defining supply chain management, evolution of supply chain studies Lambert, 2008) mentioned by Cooper et. al., 1997 Enclyclopedia of e-commerce (2009), definition of supply chain management 2007 – Springer; J Oleskow, M Fertsch, P Golinska, data mining as the efficient tool for the effective supply chain integration LIU.,F; study and explore the supply chain base on CRM, 10 Mar 2011   Tseng, D. S., CoxRead MoreSupply Chain Management For A Competitive Advantage1505 Words   |  7 Pagescompetitive advantage. It is called supply chain management and it includes all integrated activates which introduce to market place and maintain customer satisfaction. This supply chain management drives from multi- disciplinary departments such as procuring, transportation, manufacturing products, customer services, distribution of product into integrated program. Successful management will be in coordination and integrated in all these activate in an unbroken chain process. It supports and interconnectedRead MoreSupply Chain Management Strategy Planning And Operation Solution Manual1533 Words   |  7 PagesSUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT STRATEGY PLANNING AND OPERATION SOLUTION MANUAL PDF Copyright  © 2014. All Right Reserved SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT STRATEGY PLANNING AND OPERATION SOLUTION MANUAL PDF Download: SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT STRATEGY PLANNING AND OPERATION SOLUTION MANUAL PDF Are you trying to find Ebook Supply Chain Management Strategy Planning And Operation Solution Manual PDF?. You will certainly enjoy to understand that today Ebook Supply Chain Management Strategy Planning And Operation SolutionRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Sift Analytics Group Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pagesattract, retain, and grow its customer base. As a business to business supplier organization, Sift Analytics Group utilizes effective business marketing mix components to market its products and solutions to customers. The growth and profitability of this company can be understood through an Analytics of its supply chain and marketing channels, marketing strategy, and value proposition. Brief Background of the Company Sift Analytics Group is the leading provider of enterprise software solutionsRead MoreMcDonalds Supply Chain Management1142 Words   |  5 PagesMcDonald’s Supply Chain Supply chain management, or SCM, is concerned with managing the inputs of goods or services for final users from acquiring the raw materials through the end of the product’s useful life. The inputs of goods or services include a wide variety of activities not only in a single department in a company but also from different departments and outside the company; they are cross-functional activities that contain increasingly complex networks supply chains in the businessRead MoreAssignment 2: Chain Management at Durham International Manufacturing Company (Dimco)1373 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 2: Chain Management at Durham International Manufacturing Company (DIMCO) Case Study Determine whether integration efforts should start with suppliers, distribution, or both. Explain the rationale for your decision. What are the basic components of a supply chain? Most companies are utilizing a five supply chain components, in order to bring products to the marketplace. The five supply chain components are Suppliers, Manufacturers, Distributors, Retailers, and Consumers/Customers. Effective

What If I Told You Slavery Still Exists Many Would Disagree

What if I told you slavery still exists? Many would disagree and say, â€Å"Slavery was abolished in 1865 under the 13th amendment.† However, slavery remains a global reality even after the Declaration of Human Rights was signed 60 years ago. Human trafficking is a form of modern-day slavery in which traffickers use techniques of coercion to control victims for the use of exploitation in sex acts or labor services against his or her will (National Human Trafficking Hotline). As our society adopts the use of mass media into our everyday lives, it is globally vital to utilize these tools to combat human trafficking. The power of words and images in the media shapes public opinion and knowledge. However, the media is misinterpreting the issue of†¦show more content†¦These organizations strive to provide a national legal framework that will bring nations together, but governmental efforts to eradicate human trafficking are not enough. The number of people actually aware of the problem appears to be shockingly low, even with human trafficking being the fastest growing illegal crime in the world. The biggest problem with the fight against human trafficking revolves around the fallacies of media coverage and lack of transparency of the issue. My concern with the media’s coverage of human trafficking began in my intro to mass communication course at Louisiana State University. It was not until this course that I understood the magnitude of the media’s power of shaping the public opinion and agenda setting. Human trafficking and the media follow the 1970’s cultivation theory which states that the media has enough power to shape individuals’ general beliefs about the world and their general attitudes toward certain issues. The issues the mass media choose to display determine what is important and influence the primary topics of the public agenda. One major issue with the media is the lack of coverage of all forms of trafficking. The media tends to focus their social media campaigns on images and stories that concentrate around sexual exploitation. Sexual exploitation is anShow MoreRelatedRoots of Hip Hop968 Words   |  4 PagesMusic and Tradition†    Hip-Hop as well as many other artistic cultural forms we practice today can be related back to African culture and various traditions. Author of  The Roots and Stylistic Foundations of the Rap Music and Tradition,  Cheryl Keyes, discuss’ the spirit, style, tradition, emotions, culture and the delivery of music. Keyes says that many of these practices can be traced back to the West Afrikan Bardic Tradition in particular. When asking many old-school, and culturally involved hip-hopRead MoreLegacies of Historical Globalization956 Words   |  4 Pagesto the legacies of historical globalization Criteria: What acts have actually been made to respond to the legacies of historical globalization? How have these effects been made in trying to respond to historical globalization? What has changed since then? What has not changed? Position: I disagree that contemporary society has done enough to respond to the legacies of historical globalization for many reasons. Reasons: Some of the reasons I think this statement is not true are, even thought societyRead MoreAnimal Morality And Master Morality1595 Words   |  7 Pagesproposes well masters and slaves no longer exist but the moral system they came up with do. Therefore if we are to understand and evaluate morality as it exists today, we must investigate morality as it was originally defined by master and slaves. Masters are totally free. They do what they want, to whom that want, and whatever they want. How it is such a person in such a situation begin to think about morality. Nietzsche proposes a person in such a situation would begin by saying that whatever it is theRead MoreDr Nehisi Coates, An American Educator, Journalist, And Writer1086 Words   |  5 Pagescorrespondent. Not only did Coates write the book Between the World and Me but he also wrote The Beautiful Struggle.Before reading this book I had no clue who Ta-Nehisi Coates was. When I first read that we had to do a book report I immediately froze up because I hate reading books. I prejudged Between The World And Me before I even opened the book. I inferred that it would be a very boring just by looking at the cover over the book, looks can be deceiving. Ta-Nehisi had three goals when he decided to writeRead MoreCultural Identity Reflection Paper1591 Words   |  7 PagesReflection Paper Who I am; my beliefs, values, morals, and views on diversity are shaped based upon my upbringing, the values within society, and the norms adopted by our culture. However, I can’t only thank these sources for whom I am; my own personal experiences and feelings have had a huge impact on my cultural views. My biases; I am aware of them (good), but they exist, and to some may seem bad. I want to take you on a journey inside my path to cultural identity. I think I was a pretty easy goingRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Racism1710 Words   |  7 Pagesfor generations among generations. Many years ago people of different races were divided from each other. Public places were segregated. Colored people had to use specific water fountains, schools were segregated, and blacks had to sit at the back of the buses. If they were to disobey then there would be consequences and repercussions. Equality was a figment of imagination, a dream the the minority groups had. Throughout the years racism has decreased and many things pertaining to racism were madeRead MoreMovie Co Written And Directed By South Korean Director, Bong Joon Ho1675 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic inequality, using the train as an analogy. It has different cabins and each one represents a social class in the real world. The people at the very back are the poorest and live in inhumane conditions. As you move up the train, the quality of life gets better and better; until you re ach the very front of the train, the engine, where the leader resides. The real life representation of the back are poorest people of the earth who hardly earn anything and have nothing to eat. They are mainlyRead MoreThe Matrix Of Free Will And Determinism Essay2191 Words   |  9 Pagesthought provoking universe and present some classical yet relevant philosophical ideas, especially those pertaining to determinism. Determinism is the theory that every event that occurs is caused to occur such that what obtains in the future could not have been different given what has obtained in the past. This issue persists throughout the entire trilogy and shapes the development of the characters and the story. The films borrow ideas from various forms of media, including philosophers like BaronRead MoreCritical Race Theory : Critical Examination Of Society And Culture Essay1971 Words   |  8 Pagesintersection of race, law, and power. Critical race theory is often associated with many of th e controversial issues involved in the pursuit of equality issues related to race and ethnicity† ( Luis Tyson). The movement is loosely unified by two common themes. First, proposes that white supremacy and racial power are maintained over time, and in particular, that the past may play a role. Because of the experiences of slavery, most slaves repressed these memories in an attempt to forget the past. â€Å"This repressionRead MoreShould Prostitution be Legalized?2057 Words   |  9 PagesThis leads to the question of whether prostitution should be legalized or whether it should be kept as a common, but illegal occurrence. There are many reasons it is better for prostitution to be legalized. Prostitution has been not just recognized, but referenced for hundreds of years. It has even been referred to in the Bible not just once, but many times. In Leviticus 19:29 the verse states, â€Å"Do not degrade your daughter by making her a prostitute, or the land will turn to prostitution and turn

Targeting Bilateral Aid For The Poor Free Essays

The debate over foreign aid has been raging for quite a while now. Some critics have argued that aid does precious little to the poor countries it reaches. Others arguing against this pessimism have stated that aid brings in investment, which then fosters growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Targeting Bilateral Aid For The Poor or any similar topic only for you Order Now However what is indeed a matter of concern is that most countries do not have the capability of absorbing aid. This is often a function of poor administrative processes, but could also arise out of poor governance structures that allow the siphoning away of funds due to the lack of accountability in these countries. There are a number of instances that are cited by skeptics to argue against foreign aid as it encourages corruption and leakage. De Soto (1989) gives some extremely clear examples of how corruption in developing countries has left the poor miserable and vulnerable. Boone(1994) shows how aid gives rise to varying outcomes in various countries. Weisskopf (1972) had pointed out how domestic savings and therefore domestic investment gets affected by various kinds of foreign aid and foreign investment. This kind of intervention is not always in the best interest of the developing country. The debate The issues are several. Donor countries often give aid for specific purposes. However, what might happen at the recipient’s end is that the aid gets diverted. For example, aid for expenditure of health might get diverted to spending on education. This often depends on what constituencies are more powerful in the country receiving aid. The same is true at the donor end, where more powerful lobbies ensure that it is the sector that gets the benefit of aid. Pharmaceutical sectors in developed countries have very often been blamed for diverting most aid into the health sector while the problems afflicting poor nations might be more acute in terms of starvation and malnutrition. Another reason for disgruntlement against foreign aid is that it tends to distort the domestic development agenda and takes it away towards issues that might not be priority areas. Pfaff (2004) demonstrates how the environment debate in the developed world got transferred to the developing countries riding on massive amounts of aid. In the entire environmental revolution that came about in the seventies and the eighties, the industrialized and developed world ties most of its concern over the environment with aid packages. Additionally, what happens is that aid comes in for sectors, which are highly underdeveloped, and therefore the resources required to handle this aid might not be locally available. These resources are usually both human and material resources. With the non-availability of trained personnel in host countries, the modalities of aid therefore ensure that expatriates are then responsible for the distribution and utilization of such aid. Foreign experts are, to say the least, expensive. What adds to the problem is the bias this builds into the entire process. There is already enough suspicion that exists against foreigners. In addition, there is the entire issue of the lack of familiarity with local issues and local priorities. This gives rise to a disgruntlement with the management of aid and with locals feeling left out and the managers feeling uncomfortable; the efficacy of such aid reduces significantly. The foreigner manager has different sets of priorities and an alien understanding of conditions under which the local population understands the need for assistance and this duality of purpose could lead to tension and misunderstanding. How Aid helps bad governments survive By far the most stringent criticism of foreign aid has been by way of the evidence that poorly governments in developing countries have managed to survive because of the aid they are able to attract. These governments have used the aid to push policies in their countries that have been detrimental to the development of markets due to the poor economic and industrial policy environment that has been put in place. Aid has lead to complacency as some constituencies receive enough sops and therefore do not exert pressure on their governments. Aid gives rise to protectionist measures and the competitive environment that must exist and evolve in developing economies just does not come through. Therefore poor governance continues to thrive and the dependence on foreign aid becomes perpetual. Krueger (1974) shows how this situation helps rent seekers in developing societies thrive on the poor state of political processes, especially in times of economic distress. What has also been observed that aid that comes tied to certain conditions, forces structural adjustment programs on countries that are unable to protest. However unwillingly, these countries must undergo painful reforms to satisfy the conditions laid by donors. This has often resulted in large reductions in public investments and in subsidies to the targeted poor. The famous examples where such pressure has caused domestic damage are in the structural adjustments that were forced upon Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. With pressure on them to reduce fiscal deficits, these countries went in for stringent reform measures leading to high inflation and acute stagnation. Locke (2001) shows the extent to which governments can pressurize other nations to manage policies to restructure economies in a particular fashion. However it must be pointed out that this debate is not one sided. There are countries like Zambia that have been at the receiving end. With aid increasing annually over the seventies and the eighties, the economic situation in Zambia went form bad to worse. On the other hand is Ghana in the same region. Here aid helped foster a friendly environment for the domestic policy to correct itself and help the local economy grow. In Zambia, increased aid coincided with poor policy, while in Ghana as aid levels went up, there were marked improvements seen in the fiscal and monetary sectors as also in the external sector with trade policy improving considerably. Levinsohn and McMillan (2005) argue that aid to Ethiopia actually was pro poor and enabled the country move towards food sufficiency and food security by ensuring that the poor were given access to food supplies. Â  The authors show how households, especially the very poor, benefited when aid went into the provision of wheat in Ethiopia. The paper further argues that the very poor actually benefited the most in this process. How to cite Targeting Bilateral Aid For The Poor, Papers

Australian Security and Investment Commission - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theAustralian Securities and Investments Commission. Answer: Introduction The case of Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Mariner Corporation Limited [2015] FCA 589 is in relation to the breach of directors duties. The proceeding is related to the legality of the defendants conduct of making a takeover bid. The proceeding is not only in relation to the company but also three of its directors namely Mr Darren Olney-Fraser, Mr Donald Christie and Mr Matthew Fletcher. The action has been brought with respect to the breach of Section 631 (2)(b), 1041H and 180(1) of the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) (CA). Declarations have been sought by the ASIC against all the defendants in the case and specifically disqualification from management and pecuniary penalties against the individual directors. The trial was only in relation to the liabilities of the parties and issues in relation to penalties and relief were to be heard latter[1]. In this case it has been alleged by the ASIC that the defendant company violated the provisions provided by section 631 (2) (b) of the CA. The allegation was based on the fact that the company publicly proposed a takeover bid for Austock, recklessly without informing itself that whether it has the capability of performing its obligations and relation to the takeover bid at 10.5 cents for each share in case considerable proportion all the offers with respect to the bid are accepted. It has been provided by the ASIC that the organisation did not have financial resources on 25th June 2012 to fund the bid and in addition had not received relevant assurance from any third party as well as it did not have any agreement with any third party in relation to provisions of the required funding. Section 1041H of the CA was allegedly violated by the organisation as the announcement made by the company resulted in a misleading and deceptive conduct or a conduct which is likely to deceive and mislead as there was no permission of making a takeover bid shares in Austock for less than 11 cent every share. The ASIC had also put its reliance on the provisions of section 621 of the CA[2]. In addition it was stated by the ASIC that the organisation tried to mislead the market in relation to its ability of funding the bed at a lesser price or at a price which was required[3]. It has been denied by the defendants of the case that the organization have violated the provisions set out through section 631(2)(b) along with section 1041H of the CA. in addition it has been argued by the directors that the allegations which have been made by the ASIC in relation to the breach of section 180 of the CA are baseless. It has been submitted by each of the directors that their actions were not in the violation of their duties irrespective of whether the company itself indulged in the non-complying conduct. It has been asserted by the ASIC that section 180 of the CA has been violated by the directors whether or not they have breached the provisions provided in section 1041H of the CA[4]. Duties breached by the directors of Mariner Corporation Limited as alleged by the ASIC It has been allegedly stated by the ASIC that all three directors of Mariner Corporation Limited have not complied with their duty stated in section 180(1) of the CA. the duty requires the directors to carry out their operations towards the company with diligence and care. Such care and diligence is evaluated and analysed when by putting a reasonable person in the same position and situation which the actual directors hold. If the reasonable person would have indulged in making the same decision the duty stands complied by the directors[5]. It has been alleged by the ASIC that section 180 of the CA has been violated by the directors and they have not acted diligently and carefully towards their functions which a reasonable director would have done by making the company: Contravene the provisions of s 631(2)(b) by making a public proposal Contravene the provisions of s 1041H by making an announcement to the ASX Contravened s 621 (3) by stating that they would make a bid which cannot be made lawfully (Stating to make the bid at 10.5 cents where they could not do so below 11 cents legally.) Not take into consideration regulatory constraints on the capacity of the organization of acquiring more than various share percentage in Austock Critical analysis of the decision provided by the court in this case In the given case it has been stated by the court that ASIC have failed to establish their claim against the directors of the company or the company itself. Therefore the court accordingly dismissed the case made by the ASIC[6]. The following view had been reached by the court in this case The test in relation to the term Reckless us a subjective test under the provisions of s 631 (2)(b). Through the application of the test in the situation the company is not reckless. Alternatively, in case the test of analysing whether a company or individual is reckless or not is objective even than the company is not reckless The company did not indulge in any conduct which contravened the provisions provided in s 1041H of the CA in relation to funding or price representation Alternatively, in case the organization did indulge in a misleading or deceptive conduct in relation to the representation of price, it would not be entitled to any relief on any reasonable ground. The directors of the company did not indulge in any action which violated the provisions of section 180(1) irrespective of whether they violated s 1041H or 631(2)(b) Alternatively in case section 180 has been violated by Mr Olney-Fraser, it cannot be held that Mr Fletcher or Mr Christiehave done the same as they relied upon the information given to them by Mr Olney-Fraseralong with their right to invoke section 189 of the CA[7]. The court in relation the issue considered the provisions provided in s 180(2) of the CA which discusses to business judgement rule to come to a conclusion that the directors of Mariners have not violated section 180(1) of the CA. According to the section the primary requirement is that there as to be a Business Judgement. Thus means an act of making a decision in relation to the business operations of the organization[8]. Here, the business judgement made by the directors was to make a takeover bid for Austock. It can therefore be stated that the characterization of the business judgement rule by the ASIC was not in compliance to the provisions of the Act. The reliance of ASIC on the case of ASIC v Fortescue Metals Group Ltd[9] is also a misconceived analysis of the decision taken by the directors. In addition the directors consciously used their business judgements to support the bid. Evidence has also been provided by the directors that in the given situation funding for the bid would have even been provided by a dover dog. The evidence is viewed in the light of the relevant and substantial evidence of the directors in such deals. Another requirement for the business judgement rule is that the bid is made in good faith towards a proper purpose. The requirement can also be said to have been satisfied. It was decided by the directors to make the bid and the announcement related to it in relation to the chances of the company of making significant profit along with the belief that the decision of making the bid and the announcement is in the best interest of the company. In relation to the third requirement the person making the decision must not have any personal interest in the subject matter of the decision. This requirement is also satisfied as there was no personal interest which the directors had in relation to the bid and announcement[10]. One more requirement in relation to the defence under the business judgement rule is that the directors have the duty of informing themselves in relation to the subject matter of the decision to the degree that they believed that it is appropriate and correct. In the case of ASIC v Rich[11] it has been stated by the judge that whether the decision was an informed decision or not is analysed by looking into factors such as importance of the decision, time in had to get information, cost of getting information, confidence of the directors, nature of the affairs of the company and availability of material information. The through considering these factors the judges in the present case held that the decision was informed. Moreover in relation to to an extent they reasonably believed to be appropriate The ASIC cited the case of Peoples Department Store Inc v Wise[12] where it was ruled that reasonably believed does not included what the directors actually know but what they are supposed to be knowing. However the court reject such submission by stating that such a ruling distorts the statutory language as it would deny the directors any protection unless they are able to show compliance of diligence and care in relation to other issues. The court in this case considered that the directors relied on the fact that they have been provided adequate information for making an informed decision by conducting various discussions and meetings and their knowledge about the level of interest in Austock[13]. The final requirement in relation to section 180(2) is that the decision has to be in the best interest of the company. The requirement is said to be satisfied when the defendants believed that the act was in best interest of the company and is supported by reasoning process which is adequate to describe it is being reasonably correct, irrespective of whether it is objectively convincing. The court held that the directors had this belief and it is not a kind of belief which would not be held by any reasonable person[14]. In addition it had been stated by Justice breach that it would be wrong to assert that causing the organization to breach a provision of the act would automatically lead to the violation of section 180 to the contrary of what has been stated in ASICvCassimatis[15] Future relevance of the case reasonably believed does not included what the directors actually know but what they are supposed to be knowing is not correct rather having adequate information to make the decision would satisfy this element of section 180 (2) It is now wrong to assert that causing the organization to breach a provision of the Corporation Act would automatically lead to the violation of section 180(1) The decision would give the directors who rely of their experience and skills power of taking calculated risks in relation to the organization Bibliography ASIC v Rich (2009) 236 FLR 1 ASICvCassimatis(No 8) [2016] FCA 10234 Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Mariner Corporation Limited [2015] FCA 589 Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) Fortescue Metals Group Ltd vAustralian Securities and Investments Commission - [2012] HCA 39 Peoples Department Store Inc v Wise [2004] 3 SCR 461 at [67] [1] [2015] FCA 589 at 1 [2] [2015] FCA 589 at 2 (a) [3] [2015] FCA 589 at 2 (b) [4] [2015] FCA 589 at 2 (b) [5] Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) at Section 180(1) [6] [2015] FCA 589 at 4 [7] [2015] FCA 589 at 5 [8] Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) at section 180(2) [9] [2012] HCA 39 [10] [2015] FCA 589 at 500 [11] (2009) 236 FLR 1 [12] [2004] 3 SCR 461 at [67] [13] [2015] FCA 589 at 472 [14] [2015] FCA 589 at 489 [15] (No 8) [2016] FCA 1023